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1820
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The Turquish-Egyptian general Muhamed Ali Pasha invaded Sudan with exeption of Darfur.
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1885
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Mahdi-revolution
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1899
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Anglo-egyptian invation of great parts of Sudan.
A
condominiun
Norw
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1955
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Mutininy of Equatoria
Norw
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1956
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Independence
from the condominium of Egypt and Great Britain.
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1963
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The rebel movement
Anya Nya
is founded.
Norw
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July 1966 – May 1967
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Sadiq al Mahdis
first period as prime minister.
Norw
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1969
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Military coup:
Nimeiri
overthrows the power from the democratic elected government.
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1972
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A peace treaty
between the governement in Khartoum and Anya Nya is signed in Addis Abeba.
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April 1983
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Nimeiri undertakes a new division of the southern areas and undermines the agreement in Addis Abeba
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May 1983
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Rebellion in Bor; the civil war breaks out again
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June 1983
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Colonel
John Garang
send by the government to calm down the rebellion, but changes sides and joins the rebels.
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September 1983
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Nimeiri introduces
Sharia
(Islamsk law), the war developes.
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1986
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Sadiq el Mahdi is elected to prime minister within a coalition government
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1988
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A peace treaty is signed between SPLA and the president of the Sudan.
This is not accepted by the prime minister.
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April 1989
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National Islamic Front (NIF) is removed from the coalition and Sharia laws are abolished.
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June/July 1989
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Military coup; Bashir and National Salvation Revolution get in power.
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August and December 1989
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NIF has conversations with SPLM, without results.
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1990
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National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is founded and unites forbidden political parties, trade unions and other organised occupational
groups.
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1991?
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EDLF and TPLF are controlling Etiopia. Mengistu, who supports SPLA, is overthrown.
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August 1991
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SPLA splits in what is later called Mainstream (the fraction of Garang) and United (the fraction of Machar).
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1992
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Bashir establishes the ruling National Congress party. Bashir becomes chairman, while Turabi (the ideological islamist of
the regime) becomes secretary general.
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May-June 1992
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Peace talks in Abuja (Nigeria) breaks down. Machar fraction claims autonomy, while the Garang fraction demands a united, secular
state.
Jihad (holy war) is declared in the Nuba Mountains.
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July 1992
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With operation "Jungle Storm", Garang´s forces almost succeed in taking over Juba.
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1993
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When Umar el-Bashir is appointed president, the Revolution Command Council disintegrates.
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March 1993
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Sudan
is officially condemned by the UN´s Commission of Human Rights in Geneva.
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April 1993
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New peace conversations in Abuja breaks down. The two SPLA fractions refuse to talk to each other.
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August 1993
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US puts Sudan´s name at the list of states which supports terrorism.
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March 1994
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IGAD(D); Inter Governmental Authority on (drought) and Development takes the initiative in peace for Sudan.
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October 1994
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SPLM/A-United (Machar fraction) changes name to South Sudan Independence Movement/Army. Lam Akol´s fraction claims to use
the name SPLM/A-United.
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February 1995
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SPLA and NDA enter into an agreement in Asmara (Eritrea).
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June 1995
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Attempted murder at the president of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, in Addis Abeba.
Egypt withdraws its ambassador from Khartoum.
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September 1995.
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IGAD(D) takes again the initiative in peace, based on Nairobi (Kenya).
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April 1996
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Political charter between Machar fraction and the government in Khartoum.
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April 1997
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6 southern rebel groups (not the fraction of Garang) sign a peace agreement with the government.
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November 1997
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US introduce extensive sanctions against Sudan. New IGAD negotiations in Nairobi.
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January-April 1998
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There is war related hunger in Bahr el Ghazal.
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May 1998
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More than 96 % of the population claims a new constitution in the referendum. The government promises referendum about independence
for the South at IGAD negotiations in Nairobi.
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April 1999
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Alleviation of the US sanctions.
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May 1999
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Sudan
agrees to return confiscated Egyptian property in Sudan. The relationship between the countries is improving.
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August 1999
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Sudan
exports oil.
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September 1999
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Rebels attack and explode a section of a pipeline, which is repaired in a couple of days.
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December 1999
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Bashir visits Egypt for the first time since 1996 (?). Both countries promise to improve their relationship. Egypt promises
to restore full diplomatic relations. Bashir signs an agreement with the president of Uganda, that normalizes the relationship
with Uganda.
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December 1999
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Scramble for power between the president el-Bashir and NIF leader Hassan el Turabi. Bashir dissolves the parliament and declares
state of emergency.
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26. September 2000
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The president el-Bashir meats the leaders from National Democratic Alliance in Asmara (Eritrea).
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December 2000
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Election that is boycotted by the biggest opposition parties. El Bashir is reelected as a president for a period of five years.
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February 2001
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Hassan el-Turabi´s party; Popular National Congress, signs a
”Memorandum of Understanding”
with SPLA. Hassan el-Turabi is arrested next day.
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March 2001
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WFP warns against a deterioration of the humanitarian situation in Sudan; an estimate of 3 million people are affected by
hunger.
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April-May 2001
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The police continues to arrest members of popular National Congress.
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28. May 2001
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IGAD negotiations in Nairobi (Kenya). Both the president el-Bashir and the leader of SPLA Garang participated, but there was
no results.
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11. September 2001
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Terror attack on the United States. The government of Sudan co-operates with US regarding the investigation
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6. January 2002
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Nairobi Declaration
Agreement between Riek Machar (SPDF) and John Garang (SPLM/A) that reunites the two rebel groups that have fight each other
since 1991
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2002
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GOS and SPLA sign an agreement about prolonging the cease-fire in the Nuba Mountains 6 new months.
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July 2002
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GOS and SPLA sign
The Machakos Protocol
, which is a break through in the peace negotiations. GOS accepts the right of autonomy in the South after a period of 6 years.
The president Omar el-Bashir and the leader of SPLA meat for the first time face to face, thanks to the Ugandan president
Yoweri Museveni.
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July-Nov 2002
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In spite of the cease-fire between GOS and SPLA, the mutual attacks continues. In November both sides agree to observe.
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February 2003
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In Darfur arise two new rebel groups: The Front for the Liberation of Darfur (which changes name to Sudan Liberation Movement/Army
(SLM/A)) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). GOS responds with attacks and the crisis of Darfur is a fact.
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March 2003
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Conversations about three disputed areas; Abyei, Nuba Mountains and Sothern Blue Nile. GOS and SLM/A sign an agreement about
cease-fire in Darfur.
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April 2003
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President Omar el-Bashir and John Garang meet for the second time, this time mediated by the Kenyan president Mwai Kibaki.
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June 2003
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The crisis in Darfur
is deterioating dramatically, since government supports militias looting and burning of villages, which drive away several
houndred thousand people into Chad.
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August 2003
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The worst inundation in 70 years affects the Eastern region Kassala.
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September 2003
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GOS and SPLA sign an agreement to integrate their military troops in some of the disputed areas, but the rest remain separated.
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October 2003
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Hassan al-Turabi is released after three years in prision, at the same time as his party
PNC
is legalized.
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December 2003
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Through negotiations in Naivasha in Kenya, GOS and SPLA come to terms about equal distribution of the country´s oil resources.
At the same time the peace talks between GOS and SLM/A break down.
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January 2004
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Both sides agree to share the country´s resources equally between North and South. Subsequently the delegates from the government
execute their haji (islamic pilgrimage). The crisis in Darfur intensifies.
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February 2004
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President Omar el-Bashir declares victory on the rebel groups in Darfur, but SLM/A and JEM reject the allegations, and attack
again. At the same time there are negotiations between GOS and SPLM/A in Naivasha. The remaining topics are the three disputed
areas; Southern Blue Nile, Nuba Mountains and Abeyi, and the distribution of power in the interval period.
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April 2004
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A break through in the negotiations in Naivasha. The discussion about the status of Khartoum still continues. Expectations
about signing the final agreement at the end of the month.
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June 2004
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The vice president Ali Osman Taha and SPLM/A leader John Garang signed the Nairobi proclamation of the last stage of the peace
process on 5. of June at the Kenyan president´s, Mwai Kibaki, office. They committed to a range of peace protocols. The proclamation
deal with distribution of power and wealth and the establishment of a 6 year interval period which include autonomy of the
Southern Sudan. The talks include a comprehensive ceasefire and its tecnical implications. They launched officially the final
conversations in Naivasha at the end of June, with the purpose of ending 21 years of civil war. The first diplomatic observers
from African Union(AU) come to Darfur.
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July 2004
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The peacetalks which started 27th of June in Naivasha, were about deciding when permanent cease of fire, how control the peace
and demobilize the forces. They sign an agreement 14th of July about repatriation of 500,000 Sudanese refugees, which means
6 months of following up. The high commissioner for refugees of the UN, asked for 90 million dollars to integrate the returned
refugees. GoS and SPLM/A withdraw from the talks 28th of July.
The negotiations in Ethiopia to end the crisis in Darfur, break down 18th of July. The AU decides to send troops which will
protect the peace observers. The Security Council passed 20th of July a resolution which threaten Sudan with sanctions if
GoS doesn´t disarm Janjaweed before 30 days.
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August 2004
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The UN and GoS signed an agreement 9th of August, about creating safe areas in Darfur within 30 days, but according to UN
delegates the situation has not improved. Janjaweed continues attacking civilians. GoS claims that it´s practically impossible
to disarm Janjaweed before 30th of August. Troops from Rwanda and Nigeria is sent to Darfur by AU, to protect the peace observers
who control the ceasefire of 8th of April in Ndjamena (Chad), between GoS and the rebels. South Africa and Tanzania have also
agreed to send troops to Darfur. The Sudanese Foreign Minister, Mustafa Osman Ismael, travels to Libya, Tsjad and Nigeria
to solve the crisis in Darfur in a diplomatic way. The militia Popular Defence Forces, handed in their weapons in Darfur.
The negotiations between GoS and JEM/SLA started 23rd of August in Abuja, Nigeria.
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September 2004
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The talks in Abuja continue, but are difficult because GoS wants the rebels to be disarmed along with Janjaweed, while JEM
and SLA first want a political solution before they hand in their weapons. 1st of September the partys committed both to give
free access to humanitarian relief workers, and not attacking the refugees. But JEM and SLA will not sign before the security
is clearified. The UN thinks that AU-forces is not enough, and that international UN-forces are necessary. On the other hand
GoS rejects a proposed compromise from AU, 8th of September, which included free access to relief organisations and observers
and withdrawal of the Sudanese soldiers in the refugee camps. GoS thinks that the agreement should build on earlier agreements,
as the Ndjamena ceasefire. The US Foreign Minister, Colin Powel, says 9th of September that it is genocide in Darfur, and
threatens with oil sanctions to force GoS to open up for UN observers. GoS allows more AU troops to investigate human rights
assault. The final peace negotiations between GoS and SPLM/A have stagnated. GoS allows more AU troops to investigate human
rights assault. The Security Council established "the Commission of Inquiry" in order to investigate the situation I Darfur.
Popular Congress Party was accused of a coup attempt in Khartoum. Their members were arrested and Turabi was imprisoned. SPLM/A
accused GoS of having invented the coup attempt in order to divert the attention from Darfur.
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November
2004
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The 9th of November the rebels and GoS signed a new cease of fire, and GoS promised not sending more bombers to Darfur. The
resolution 1574 of the Security Council demands that GoS, rebels and militia stop all violence and secure that members follow
international humanitarian law. The resolution was criticised of being to weak. The rebel group "Free Lions" from Eastern
Sudan claim tat they were responsible of the coup attempt earlier this year. Disagreement between Salva Kiir and John Garang
almost split SPLM.
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December
2004
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Peace negotiations in Abuja and Foreign Minister Mustafa Osman Ismail suggest a federal solution of the conflict in Darfur.
Breaches of the cease fire on both sides, GoS bombs Darfur again. The mortality has reached 350 000 in Darfur. GoS defy AU´s
ultimatum about standstill of hostilities by 18th of December. AU has still less than 1000 men in Darfur.
The two last peace protocols are signed in Naivasha, Kenya, 31st of December. The protocols say that GoS has to reduce the
southern forces with 17 percent within six months and withdraw the army within 30 months. SPLA are going to withdraw its forces
within 8 months.
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January 2005
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The official end of civil war and final signing of the peace agreement the 9th of January. GoS and the umbrella organisation
NDA sign a political agreement in order to restore democracy in Sudan. 38 oppositional were released in Khartoum. Taha is
appointed as the government's representative in the negotiations of Darfur. Rebellion in Beja, Eastern Sudan.
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February 2005
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SPLA proclaimed that they would help Uganda militarily to fight Lord's Resistance Army who operates in Northern Uganda and
Southern Sudan. The high commissioner for refugees of the UN prepare the return of 550 000 Sudanese refugees. The rebels in
Darfur kidnap relief workers, while GoS hinder them entering Darfur altogether. World Food Programme warns against hunger
catastrophe.
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March
2005
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Foreign Aid organisations are threatened by Janjaweed. The Security Council agrees that criminals of war in Darfur may be
trialled in Haag.
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May
2005
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Third African Summit where they discuss the Sudanese crisis in Darfur. Chad, Sudan, Libya, Nigeria, Egypt and Eritrea participated.
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June
2005
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The International Criminal Court states 6th of June that they are investigating crimes of war in Darfur. The peace negotiations
of Darfur started once more in Abuja, Nigeria.
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July
2005
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Dr. Garang becomes the new First Vice President in Sudan. The temporarily constitution is signed and the state of emergency
is lifted. Dr. Garang dies 30th of July.
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August
2005
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Salva Kiir becomes First Vice President of Sudan. He appoints Riek Machar as Vice President in Southern Sudan.
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September 2005
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The government of National Unity is established.
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October
2005
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23d of October is Government of Southern Sudan established. The first AU soldiers are killed.
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November
2005
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Split in SLM/A between the factions of Minawi and Al-Nur.
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December
2005
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Agreement among the parties in Abuja about wealth.sharing in Darfur. Chad accuses Sudan of supporting rebels in Chad, and
there are great tension between the countries.
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January
2006
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Increased tension in Eastern Sudan between SPLM and the government forces because SPLM didn´t withdraw as agreed.
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May
2006
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Peace agreement in Darfur between Sudan Government and Minni Minawi´s faction of SLM/A. The agreement implies that the government
disarms Janjaweed and offers 30 million dollars in compensation to war´s victims. The other rebels refused to sign the peace
agreement.
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October
2006
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Peace agreement between Goernment of national unity and Eastern Front was signed 14th of October in Asmara, Eritrea, and ends
a 12 year long war. The peace agreement includes liberation of prisioners and wealth sharing.
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January
2007
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Minni Minawi´s faction of SLM/A split; and Greater Sudan Liberation Movement is established.
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February
2007
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ICC accuses Sudan´s state minister of humanitarian affairs, Ahmad Muhammad Harun, of war crimes and crimes against humanity
in Darfur. ICC accuses also Ali Kosheib from the security forces, of committing war crimes in Darfur.
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Link to a detailed and comprehensive cronology by
The European Sudanese Public Affairs Council
. The cronology include 10. January 2001.
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