Talks at the Koka Dam March 1986.

• Resulted in the Koka Dam Declaration March 1986.

Talks between Sadiq Al-Mahdi and John Garang July 31 ^st 1986.

Meeting in Harare 20 ^th to 22 ^nd of March 1988.

·         Facilitated by the Global Inter-Action Council of Former Heads of State and Government. in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, between DUP and SPLM in November 1988.

·         Resulted in an agreement November 16 ^th 1988 between DUP’s Mirghani and SPLM’s Garang.

Several meetings between the SPLA/M and the Revolution for National Salvation (i.e. GoS):

• Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), August 19 ^th – 20 ^th, 1989 (No external mediator).
• Nairobi (Kenya), December 1 ^st – 5 ^th, 1989 (Initially direct talks, later facilitated by former US president Jimmy Carter).92.
• Abuja (Nigeria), May-June 1992 and April-May 1993 (Mediated by former Nigerian President Ibrahim Babangida, Chairman of the OAU). [1]
• Nairobi, May 1993.

Talks between the GoS and SPLA-Bahr El-Ghazal Group.

• Resulted in a Political Charter (April 1996).

“The Khartoum Process” 1997 (GoS and several rebel groups not including SPLA/M):

• Resulted in the Khartoum-agreement 21 ^st of April 1997 between [AF1]   :
  • GoS
  • South Sudan United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF), comprising of a) the South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) and b) the Union of Sudan African Parties (USAP).
  • Sudan People’s Liberation Movement .
• Resulted in the Nuba Mountains-agreement 21 ^st of April 1997 (between GoS and the Nuba Mountains United SPLM/A).
• Resulted in the Fashoda-agreement 20 ^th of September 1997 (between GoS and the SPLM-United led by Lam Akol).

Talks between GoS and Blue Nile Citizens Front.

• Resulted in the Blue Nile agreement (December 1999).

The People-to-people process (Dinka-Nuer and Nuer-Nuer)

• Several conferences have been held under the auspices of New Sudan Council of Churches and other organizations between different warring southern groups. For a more comprehensive list of documents, press releases and pictures, see the Dinka-Nuer section at Sudan infonet as well as South Sudanese Friends International. The most important agreements and texts coming out of the People-to-People process are the following:
  • Loki Dinka-Nuer Accord (June 1998).
  • Wunlit Dinka-Nuer Covenant (February-March 1999).
    • This conference gathered the Dinka and Nuer tribes on the West-bank of the Nile river. More info on this conference here.
  • Waat Lou Nuer Convenant (November 1999) More info.
  • Liliir covenant (May 2000).
    • This conference gathered the Dinka and Nuer Tribes on the East-bank of the Nile river. You may also look at the Liliir resolutions.
  • Kisumu declarations (June 2001).
    • The Kisumu-conference in Kenya led to the Kisumu Nuer Declaration (from for example SPDF and SSLM) and the Kisumu Declaration, which was signed by the participants at the conference.
  • Washington Dinka-Nuer declaration (January 2002).
    • This was a conference between the different Dinka-Nuer groups currently living in the US.  Additional information on the conference is available.

• In addition there has been conferences in Eastern Equatoria, for example in Chukudum between SPLA and people of the Didinga-tribe.

“The Libya-Egypt Initiative” (LEI) Between GoS and the Northern opposition parties:

• Egyptian-Libyan-Sudanese Communiqué (January 2000).
• Resulted in a Memorandum of understanding (Summer of 2001).

Talks between Riek Machar (SPDF) and John Garang (SPLM/A) in Nairobi.

• Resulted in the Nairobi Declaration, signed in January 2002, uniting the two rebel-groups that have fought each-other since the split in 1991.

US-Swiss-initiative, Bürgenstock, Switzerland (January 2002)

• Nuba Mountains cease-fire agreement was signed, declaring a six months cease-fire in the Nuba mountains. Was later extended.

The IGAD(D) Process between SPLA/M and GoS:

• The IGADD Standing Committee on Peace in Sudan established September 7 ^th, 1993.
• Four rounds of talks within the IGADD framework in 1994.
  • Resulted in Declaration of Principles ( DOP),in Nairobi July 20 ^th, 1994.
• After a period of no negotiations, new talks started in 1997.
• The process continued with a number of talks between the parties the following years.
  • The Machakos-protocol, a “preliminary peace-agreement”, was signed in the Kenyan town of Machakos (July 2002).
  • The MoU on aspects of structures of government (November 2002).

For additional information on the peace-processes, Hamad Omar Bagadi gave a review of the peace-process from 1985 to 1989 at the Bergen Conference on Sudan in February 1989.

You can also access our overview of other significant documents, statements and agreements concerning Sudan and Sudan’s neighboring countries.

Sources:

• Deng, Francis Mading, “Negotiating a Hidden Agenda: Sudan’s Conflict of Identities” in Elusive Peace - Negotiating an End to Civil Wars, , William I. Zartman, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1995, p. 95-96.
• The agreements.
• Resource-persons.
• Rolandsen, Øystein Helge (Unpublished), Hovedfagsoppgave i historie, The University of Oslo, Norway.
• SPLM/A, “Peace through Development”